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Although IPV also occurs in same-sex relationships, research evidence on the health consequences of IPV and the care of survivors is largely confined to women in heterosexual relationships.Historically, there has been the stereotype of a male batterer as one who uses severe, repeated, and unilateral violence against a nonviolent female victim.Suicide might also result if the murderer takes his or her own life following the violent act resulting in the death of the intimate partner.It has been reported that 74 percent of all murder-suicides involved an intimate partner [].This includes physical aggression, such as hitting, kicking, and beating; psychological violence, such as intimidation, constant humiliation; various controlling behaviors, such as isolation from family and friends, monitoring movements, financial control, and restricting access to services; and sexual violence, including forced intercourse and other sexual coercion.Lifetime prevalence of isolated violent acts within relationships is comparable for men and women, but repeated coercive, sexual, or severe physical violence is perpetrated largely against women by men.However, the knowledge base on IPV has been generated by investigators in a diverse range of fields, such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, criminal justice, family studies, feminist studies, and the health sciences.Findings from these fields will be drawn upon as needed to describe the prevalence of IPV, its distribution across major racial/ethnic and economic groups, and the neighborhood and societal factors that promote or protect against its occurrence.

The risk for facial injury was much higher among the domestic violence victims than was seen in other mechanisms of injury [].The prevalence rate of violence during pregnancy ranges from 0.9% to 20.1%, with variation depending on measures of violence and populations studied.Despite this prevalence, a history of abuse is frequently not uncovered, either because providers may be uncomfortable in asking questions about violence or because some women are reluctant to discuss the abuse they suffer.is inherently a difficult issue to study in that there is no gold standard test to measure its prevalence.With rare exceptions, the detection of IPV is the result of a complex dynamic between provider and patient, and ultimately the provider relies on the patient to disclose that IPV is present.

Child abuse and postpartum abuse of the mother by her partner have been strongly correlated with lack of social support, recent life stressors, psychiatric disturbance in the mother, and unwanted pregnancy.